Drawing a face isn't as hard as it looks. To draw a realistic human face, it takes mapping out the face correctly before you fill in the finer detail. If you would like to get the most out of this article, I recommend sitting down with a pad and paper and drawing each step as you read it.To begin, start with an egg shaped oval. Draw a line down the center of this egg. This line will give you a midpoint for measuring eye separation, nose width, etc.Next, separate the egg shape into 3 equal portions (horizontal lines) with 2 lines. The top of the egg will be be the top of the hairline and the bottom of that segment will be the eyebrows. The second segment goes from the eyebrows to the bottom of the nose. The third segment goes from the bottom of the nose to the bottom of the chin.Two of these segments turned sideways will give you the measurement sideways from cheek to cheek.The measurement of one eye should be equal to the distance between the two eyes. The corner of each eye should line up with the wings of the nose.If you divide the third segment (under the nose) in half, with a horizontal line, you have the line for the bottom of the bottom lip. The corners of the mouth should line up with the middle of the pupil of the eye.The ears should be visible from a front view as they do not sit flat on the side of your head. These points can be found by finding the middle segment from the eyebrow to the bottom of the nose. The ears should only stick out about as far as from the center line of the head to the wing of the nose.The hair can be drawn by drawing the hair from the edge of the ear up. The top of the hair is

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT: - In 1991 Michael Coe wrote Breaking the Mayan Code in which he said knowing how this language was 'both phonetic as well as pictographic was as important as the Human Genome Project and space colonization'. Personally I think it is very important to see the Mayans had a language understandable in many contexts across numerous tribes and people. It IS very important to our proposed Brotherhood of Man. It is not as important as either of the other major advances for the near future of mankind; space colonization will be our saving grace as remnants of humanity even if he would interpret the Mayan prophecy that calls for a new civilization in 2012 as an end to earthian humans. My personal hope is the prophecy relates to a new purpose and focus for humanity. That will require ethical approaches to the Human Genome Project. We do not need to force a small group of humans into some new species even if they think it would be best for themselves or all of us, collectively. Those who will desire the near immortality gene-therapy and the fixing of telomeres it will allow should not be allowed to become Homo Sapiens Immortalis if all people are not allowed access. How can we stop this from happening? What about cloning humans? Then there is Danny Hillis and those who would like to dump their brain into a perfected robot of sentient ability. This is not a science fiction primer but it must seem so at this juncture, or at least it would have to my father's generation."The genetic instructions for making a person take up less than 21/2 centimetres of the 1.8-metre-long strand of DNA that's stuffed inside virtually every cell in the body, according to new findings. Most of the rest of the human genome is filled with weird life-like entities that have settled in the genome like squatters, among them microscopic bits of foreign DNA {Gardner says some is Anunnaki or alien DNA, and that blank parts exist for more programming.} that live like parasites on human DNA and even smaller bits that sponge off those parasites. Although scientists have known that such critters existed in the human genome, only now have they been able to see how many there really are, how they are distributed among people's genes, and how these complex communities evolved inside the cells of human ancestors over millions of years?'We've called the human genome the book of life, but it's really three books,' said Francis Collins, director of the National Human Genome Research Institute in Bethesda, Md., and a chief of the human genome project. 'It's a history book. It's a shop manual and a parts list. And' it's a textbook of medicine more profoundly detailed than ever.'...The researchers also found that sperm carry twice as many mutations as eggs, suggesting that men are the major source of genetic errors and evolutionary innovation.By comparing the human genome to the genome of simpler organisms like the fly and the worm, scientists are also seeing with unprecedented detail how just a handful of genetic innovations helped launch early vertebrates ahead of the biological pack hundreds of millions of years ago.For all the evolutionary creativity that led to the human race, genome scientists said, there is shockingly little variation from person to person. Around the globe, they are all about 99.9 per cent genetically identical." (10)Do you think there is more we will learn about how white men came to be, or how many hominids there have been as modern as us? There appears to be a great deal of information available in our genes. Could they be a computer access code that the soul commands? I think the akashic and cosmic energy is consciously swimming around and inside all life. The NASA scientists say life is everywhere and I say love is there too. If only we allow ourselves to feel and sense its' all encompassing warmth that permeates every void and fills every rock. The shamans made their drugs by attunement and receiving direction from the plants and rocks. Jung's archetypes are very much connected to the genes which carry our past. Perhaps Jesus and his 'living father within' are closely connected to enable us through our genes. The mystics say the genes receive instruction from the soul and spirit. Our archetypes or the lattices of 'one-dimensional harmonic force' with all 11 M-branes in each and every atom, coordinate in our solar bodies as well as our dross physical bodies. It is ludicrous to think we know all about consciousness or the soul, and most people live in ignorance or deny its' essence.The trips we can take as we allow our soul to infuse our solar body and consciously travel are awesome. They are no more hallucinatory than the grimace on the face of the professor who denies these ideas. The poets and minstrels of yore were able to carry our imaginations to the nether regions as we began to dance in harmony with nature. The forces of nature have coherence and meridians or lattices and vectors that allow the functioning of all that is so magnificent. We have tried to place ourselves above nature and we will (hopefully) never achieve that all too egotistical pursuit. These forces are there to welcome us as we stand on the cliff contemplating a dive. Viktor Hugo wrote a wonderful appreciation of Shakespeare that I love to quote. He likened our observation of Shakespeare to standing on this cliff and looking out to "Glimpse the waves of the marvellous!" Each time we return to read his plays we experience greater depths and return to that cliff and take one step further down as we're drawn closer to the all embracing reality of the waves in the cosmic ocean that awaits us in connected beauty upon the end of our journey.Author of Diverse Druids
Columnist in many Ezines

I had lived in Vancouver very briefly as a child and it was during that time when I was first exposed to the art of the Northwest Coast Native American Indians. It was the towering colorful totem poles out in Stanley Park that everyone gazed at with wonder and appreciation. It took about 30 years later during a return trip to Vancouver when Northwest Coast Native American art caught my eyes again.I was in Vancouver for business and landed at the city's new airport terminal. One could not help but notice the huge native carvings near the arrivals area. Later on during my stay, I decided to wander around in the Gastown district. It was in these shops and galleries in Gastown where I fell in love with Northwest Coast Native American art. I saw many wonderful wooden plaques representing different animals. There were also art prints, paintings, masks, wooden bowls and even furnature with these animals either painted or carved right into the pieces.The colors and designs, which might be considered a bit exaggerated to non-native eyes, were striking as well as bold. I knew at that time that I wanted to include some of this magnificent artwork on my walls back at home. So I bought two plaque carvings and carried them home like newly found treasure.Historically, the native Indians who lived along the river valleys and coastal waters of the Pacific Northwest were all hunters and gatherers. The region was blessed with abundant resources from both the seas and forests. These people captured in their artwork the animals they hunted and observed. These included bears, killer whales, eagles, ravens, salmons, wolves, hummingbirds and even frogs. Chiefs and mythical characters important in their legends such as thunderbirds were also included as art subjects.Northwest Coast Native American art is just only recently gaining some major attention in some galleries and museums around the world. Compared to other native arts such as Inuit (Eskimo), exposure of Northwest Coast Native American art is still rather limited to the northwest coast of Canada and the United States.This form of artwork is virtually unknown to most parts of the world including many regions of North America. This will hopefully change as more people from around the world travel to Vancouver. The future winter Olympics in 2010 up in Whistler, BC will also have a positive impact on the region's Native Indian art. I personally believe that Northwest Coast Native American art has a lot of potential to be internationally recognized and accepted.Clint Leung is owner of Free Spirit Gallery (http://www.FreeSpiritGallery.ca), an online gallery specializing in Inuit and Northwest Native American art including carvings, sculpture and prints. Free Spirit Gallery has numerous information resource articles with photos of authentic Inuit and Native Indian art as well as free eCards.

Amaterasu is a shining example of how adversity can help us to 'blossom and bloom' more at times. She helps us look for the lesson to be learned when the adverse times come into our lives.In Japanese mythology, Amaterasu (pron: Ah-mah-te-lah-soo) is the radiant and compassionate Japanese sun goddess who ruled the sun, cultural unity, weaving and agriculture. So she was responsible for illiminating the world. She is a bringer of light. She wove the world. She was responsible not only for the continuing of the Japanese people but all the royal family were her decendants.The storm god Susanowa, because he ruined her garden,Amaterasu enclosed herself in a cave and, depressed and grieving, refused to come out.Without her the fields died and the people grew hungry because without the sun there was only endless night. Amaterasu was the bringer of light to her people and without her they too grew depressed and grieving. The Goddess of mirth, Uzume rolled a copper mirror to the front of the cave, then danced wildly on an overturned tub. Her frenzied dance whipped the hundreds of gathered deities into ecstatic laughter and delight. Hearing the commotion and overcome with curiosity, Amaterasu emerged. Seeing her radiance reflected in the copper mirror, she was amazed at her brilliance. Her grief dissipated, she returned to the world and life was renewed.Pray to Amaterasu to appreciate your own brilliance and beauty. You are unique a bringer of light. There is only one you. Whether you are virgin or crone you are beautiful. Sometimes when we do not live up to societies ideas of beauty we don't believe in our own unique beauty. Pray to this Goddess to bring you light.About The AuthorJudi Singleton is the publisher of Jassmine's Journal the Goddess Gospel edition. You can subscribe at http://www.motherearthpublishing.com

Copper Keels:Nature provides varying resources in different parts of the world. In Ireland the use of leather in boat-building made sense. Leather craft going underwater led to glass or other submersibles to reach sunken ships in the time of Alexander and the designs some people think are alien craft on the Lascaux Caves are most likely leather submersibles. The hardwoods of Central and South America allowed for some truly fantastic big ships to be hollowed out of very large trees. Ironwood is heavier than concrete and it is even possible that they used concrete on ship hulls or to build ships with the geopolymerized technology that Pliny reports, and scholars did not understand, so the scholars failed to properly translate his writing. If 9,000 years ago the people of the Aleutians and the copper route were able to use ivory bearings in two or four man crafts that cut a catamaran type wake which Scientific American says exceeds our present technology, then you can imagine almost anything.The use of copper sheeting on hulls and keels extended the life of wooden crafts in warm waters where boring beetles destroy any wooden craft. This allowed the Phoenicians or those who built ships that could travel the whole world a great advantage. They also had above deck windlass type technology to keep planked hulls intact during storms. These two things made larger ships more durable and feasible. The Murrhine vases for turning salt water potable would have been a huge advantage. It is not lost on me that the very name of these vases includes the name Mu just as Troy's real name does.RED OCHRE:The supposed worship of the Sun in many ancient cultures was also a worship of the 'Son' of God which we all can actualize. Thomas Huxley argued the position of science well in his confrontations with the churchian Wilberforce and I admire the Huxley clan. In many ways Aldous Huxley was a groundbreaking observer of real science rather than the Kuhn constructs Fuller prefers anarchy over. I love to read how Aldous was excited to get the first hand accounts of Joseph Campbell walking on the healing fire of the Japanese shamanistic Shinto priests. There are many Eranos attendees like Jung and Campbell who are excellent scholars and well respected authors including Eliade and Daisetz Suzuki."I remember Aldous Huxley talking to me through a long evening, and his white hands held into the fire, saying, 'This is what transforms. These are the legends that show it. Above all, the legend that the Phoenix is reborn in the fire, and lives over and over again in generation after generation.' Fire is the image of youth and blood, the symbolic colour is the ruby and cinnabar {From which the alchemist got Mercury.}, and in ochre and hematite with which men paint themselves ceremonially." (14)But was it just ceremonial? No! Hematite is still important to the art of crystal therapy. It is naturally able to generate energy in tune with the Earth Energy Grid that we all are impacted by even though we can't see it. Ochre is found on the bones of the far older modern human (by at least 20,000 years) called the Mungo Man. It may actually be cinnabar but archaeologists are not alchemists and usually don't believe in the Philosopher's Stone which required cinnabar.The Beothuk painted themselves with the ochre they received in payment from Phoenicians involved in the Old Copper Route to Lake Superior's unique and pure ore deposits before the advent of widespread smelting. L'Anse Amour is an archaeological site that shows where they were in the 5th Millennium B.C. They had moved when the water flow changed after years of the earth adjusting to the miles of glacial ice that had been on top of it. The Beothuk had a unique watercraft most like the northern Europeans such as the Irish. They were as tall as the Adena who came from the Poverty Point location of the Keltic Phoenician Red Heads who are like the Red Headed Mummies of Urumchi. But they were called 'redskins' before the Canadian Government or other authorities put a bounty on their heads and the 19th Century saw their demise just as the Kelts of Easter Island and New Zealand were eradicated. Earlier than that it was far worse for the remnants of the Brotherhood of Man whose leaders understood the nature of the Solar Deity as a mere representation of a science average people were unwilling to devote the time required to grasp. It wasn't just libraries that were burned at the stake. I hope you can see that if no other scholar has written about red ochre in this way and few point out the massive advantages the copper keel would provide, that it is a reflection on academia and the nature of those who keep secrets.Author of Diverse Druids, Columnist for The ES Press Magazine, Guest 'expert' at World-Mysteries.com

Silver is the most common of the Precious Metals. It's working qualities are very similar to gold. Pure silver, which is seldom used for jewelry because it is too soft. Silver weighs about half as much as gold and has greater flexibility. Though silver is not as malleable as gold it can achieve a more brilliant polish. In fact, silver shines above all other metals in this respect.Silver has been used for many centuries, going back to ancient times, but because it tarnishes and decomposes; it has not survived as well as gold. Periodically, however, silver enjoys great popularity as it does currently.As far as the price goes, silver generally lags behind gold by about four or five times.
The price of silver jewelry follows the price of gold jewelry, however, so as gold rises, silver inevitably does too.The words silver or sterling silver describe a product that contains 92.5% silver.
Silver products sometimes may be marked 925, which means that 925 parts per thousand are pure silver. Some jewelry may be described as silver plate: a layer of silver is bonded to a base metal. The mark coin silver is used for compounds that contain 90% silver.For more information on jewelry and gemstones, we cordially invite you to visit http://www.morninglightjewelry.com to pick up your FREE copy of "How To Buy Jewelry And Gemstones Without Being Ripped Off." This concise, informative special report reveals almost everything you ever wanted to know about jewelry and gemstones, but were afraid to ask. Get your FREE report at http://www.morninglightjewelry.com

Is a painting no more than a piece of paper with lines and color or is it more than that? In the hands of the master painter, who is painting in the spirit; the lifeless piece of paper with its lines and colors, is transformed into a creation that has life, just as the master creator gave life to his creation. The painter transmits the essence of his spirit to his creation, the "painting."A painting is the expression of the heart and soul; it transmits cultural messages and the mysteries of the universe. It is born out of the desire of the artist to represent the forms of nature and man through the spirit of the artist as he perceives his world.An artist not only captures the forms of nature, the artist's spirit interacts with the spirit of the animals or men he is painting. His painting captures both the spirit and the message of its subject. One can see it in the expression, the eyes, and the gestalt of the painting. All good paintings communicate an emotion or message to the observer. It might be a message of love, harmony or tranquility; or it might be a message of danger, fury, or sadness. It could be a lesson, or something that all of us as humans can identify with, such as a desire to be loved.The painting as art served ancient peoples as a medium to purify and refine the human spirit. The well studied and observant artist through his own meditation gives life to the animated states, feelings, and spiritual essence of the animals and humans he paints. The purification or refinement of the observer's spirit occurs through the inspired artist's ability to communicate the subject's (man or animal): spirit, animation, feelings, thoughts, and the scene or stage of the subject, with all of its colors and form.Copyright:

Gymnastics, as an activity, has been around for more than
two thousand years in one form or another, from the ancient
Greek Olympics, to Roman ceremony, to today's modern meets.As an organized and truly competitive sport, gymnastics
has existed for a little more than a century. It was
introduced in the mid 1800s to the United States, where it
inexorably gained in popularity within school systems.Amateur associations gathered together by the late
nineteenth century, offering classes and opportunities for
young people to join in on the fun. Eventually, these
associations began to have their own championships.In 1896, at the first international Olympic games in Athens,
Greece, the sport we all know and love enjoyed its first
large-scale debut. Included in the Olympic tournament were
vaulting, parallel bars, pommel horse, and rings events for
men. The first women's Olympic gymnastics events were held
in 1928. After the Olympics began to officially host
gymnastics, the World Championship gymnastics meet emerged
in the early 1900s, and it is still held to this very day.Thus began a noble tradition that continues even in modern
Olympic games and in local, regional, national, and world
meets all over.If you're the parent of a young gymnast, odds are, people
are going to ask you, "Why did you choose gymnastics over
swimming, ballet, football, baseball, or soccer?" It is an
easy question to offer, but not a simple one to answer.Their curiosity is entirely understandable--to the
uninitiated, may have a lower profile than others.
However, if you are indeed very serious about your child
participating in the sport, you can tell those people, with
great authority, that gymnastics is an excellent way to
spend time. Not only does it have a long and illustrious
history, but it also requires attention and discipline on
the part of a child--more so, perhaps, than one involved in
any other sport.In order to become successful at the sport of gymnastics,
your child will have to get into a routine of practice.This type of routine is different from, say, soccer
practice or hockey practice, in that it does not involve
the concept of physical rivalry with other individuals. A
gymnast is not typically seen chasing after another
gymnastics youth with a set of rings as one might see a
hockey player attacking another person on an opposing team.Gymnastics does not encourage violence in the same way
contact sports do -- indeed, when one is part of a
gymnastics team, one has to work in synchronicity with and
have a certain trust for the other members, a valuable
lesson in this individualism-driven social environment.
This can certainly help in any future employment,
especially if your child is interested in professions that
involve lots of interpersonal communication.Beyond practice, gymnastics also requires physical
discipline. For instance, if you do not move in the way
that you are taught to move when on parallel bars, you will
have falls and disappointment--and then, of course, you
learn from the mistake, pick up, and try it again. Playing
at gymnastics braces a person for the future in that way:
it prepares them for the inevitable necessity of
determination and endurance in any of life's endeavors,
whether in business or in education. In conjunction with
school study habits, practice for gymnastics can indeed
lead a young person into a level and graceful confidence.
In fact, for as physically driven as gymnastics happens to
be, it is also an extremely intellectual sport: every
motion requires forethought, for in the game, if you do not
think of what you are going to do before you do it, you'll
end up on the mat.Finally, and perhaps most obviously of all, there is the
fact that gymnastics will keep your child busy, as any
other sport might. This means that he or she won't be as
likely to slip into a pattern of slacking or of hanging out
with the wrong crowd. Quite literally, when your child is
at practice, you will know where they are -- you will not
have to worry if they have wandered off somewhere or are
unintentionally getting into trouble. This can lead to
peace of mind for you and yours, most assuredly, which,
like the skills they will learn, are absolutely invaluable.By Murray Hughes
Gymnastics Secrets Revealed
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Passion was the main stuff of journalism long before the Civil War, the birthplace of modern American journalism. The Press of the American Revolution during the War and before it, was borne of it. Newspapers then were not as we know them today. Weekly advertising mediums they were, but they were primarily opinion pieces designed to protect interests or to provoke the readership. They were propaganda organs in the truest sense. They were virtual flagpoles of ideology from which the editor could wave his political flag. As tools of political activism they often published articles of principles treating of various freedoms or governmental responsibilities, as the editors saw them to be, mostly by pseudonymous authors sometimes using names taken from the Greek or Roman classics like Cato or Ovid.What news did exist was usually a local crime graphically treated, a poem perhaps, or a reference to a literary work or some happening from Europe that occurred months previously and brought to the editor's notice by people arriving in town. Newspapers shared news too, for as fever rose in the colonies and happenings became more frequent the need to know took place and the sharing of news from paper to paper became more commonplace.But news gathering during the war coverage was not organized, newspapers relied almost wholly on the chance arrival of private letters and of official and semi-official documents. News sources were scarce, but opinion was abundant and it covered both sides. Tory and patriot presses would fire verbal broadsides at each other's interests and any newspaper hoping to maintain a dispassionate objectivity examining both sides of the issues, found themselves in a "no-man's land" and was considered "on the other side." Often the news was engineered, perhaps none so well as the 'reportage' of the Boston Massacre by the Boston Gazette.What led up to the shootings, deemed a " Boston massacre", was the business of quartering British troops in the public houses and private homes of residents in America when barracks space was not available. The additional insult to the public was that the colonial legislative body was to provide financing.This was going on for four years after the British Parliament enacted a piece of legislation called the Quartering Act in 1765 and expanded it in 1766, ostensibly to economize on troop expense. When the soldiers first appeared in Boston in 1766 resplendent in redcoats and brandishing gleaming muskets and bayonets, they were held in awe but when it was learned that they were ordered never to use force and that in order to fire a musket they would first have to seek an order from a magistrate, bellicose crowds of youth began to taunt them. A mutual dislike developed between soldier and citizen, taunts epithets and curses the main discourse. Tempers began to flare as Boston tolerance dipped to increasingly low levels. One citizen's distaste for things British turned extreme resulting in the shooting of his neighbor's son, Christopher Seider, an eleven year old Boston youngsterTension between soldier and citizen was stretched thin and snapped on March 2 after rumors were circulated through Boston that the soldiers were planning a massacre of Boston citizens following an incident in which one soldier with a broadsword, slightly injured one young man, who with three companions wished to pass in an alleyway.Later a brawl between some troops and some rope makers erupted, the latter besting the former leaving emotions in a tattered state, then on March 5th, a group of youths taunted a British sentry who took exception by beating one of them with his musket. Fire alarms sounded bringing a crowd of about four hundred to the scene, surrounding the sentry and throwing snowballs, ice and sticks at him. Seven soldiers led by Captain Thomas Preston came to the sentry's support but suffered the crowd's taunts and physical assault with clubs. Daring the soldiers to fire on them, one soldier did after being hit with a club and the others followed suit. Three citizens died on the spot, another the next day and another one a few days later, five were dangerously wounded and a few slightly.One can imagine the reaction of the citizens in the tavern as they heard, through sips of ale , the report in the Boston Gazette informing its readers that the man with a broadsword,who was described as having grown "to uncommon size" and who was now accompanied by " a person of a mean countenance armed with a large cudgel," attacked two of the youths wounding them with sword punctures then reenforced by two more soldiers armed with tongs and shovel, they continued beating the boys who valiantly defended themselves."The noise bro't people together, and John Hicks, a young lad, coming up, knock'd the soldier down, but let him get up again; and more lads gathering drove them back to the barrack, where the boys stood some time as it were to keep them in. In less than a minute 10 or 12 of them came out with drawn cutlasses, clubs and bayonets, and set upon the unarmed boys and young folks, who stood them a little while, but finding the inequality of their equipment dispersed,- In hearing the noise, one Samuel Atwood, came up to see what was the matter, and entering the alley from Dock-square, heard the latter part of the combat, and when the boys had dispersed he met the 10 or 12 soldiers aforesaid rushing down the alley towards the square, and asked them if they intended to murder people? They answered 'Yes by G-d, root and branch! With that one of them struck Mr, Atwood with a club, which was repeated by another, and being unarmed he turned to go off, and received a wound on the left shoulder which reached the bone and gave him much pain.Retreating a few steps, Mr. Atwood met two officers and said, 'Gentlemen, what is the matter?' They answered, 'you'll see by and by.' Immediately after those heroes appeared in the square, asking 'where were the boogers? Where the cowards?'...Thirty or forty persons, mostly lads...gathered in Kingstreet, Capt. Preston, with a party of men with charged bayonets, came from the main guard to the Commissioners house, the soldiers pushing their bayonets, crying, 'Make way!' They took place by the custom-house, and continuing to push to drive the people off, pricked some in several places; on which they were clamorous, and ,it is said, threw snow-balls. On this, the Captain commanded them to fire, and more snowballs coming, he again said, 'Damn you, Fire, be the consequence what it will.! One soldier then fired, and a townsman with a cudgel struck him over the hands with such force that he dropt his firelock; and rushing forward aimed a blow at the Captain's head, which graz'd his hat and fell pretty heavy upon his arm; however, the soldiers continued the fire, successively, til 7 or 8, or as some say 11 guns were discharged.By this fatal maneuvre, three men were laid dead on the spot, and two more struggling for life; but what shewed a degree of cruelty unknown to British troops, at least since the house of Hanover has directed their operation, was an attempt to fire upon or push with bayonets the persons who undertook to remove the slain or wounded."Following the imputation of unusual cruelty for this final bit of brutality the Gazette went on to describe the slain and to comment on the outrage felt by the Boston citizenry, the outrage, undoubtedly, now shared by the gentry in their drawing rooms and the lads in the taverns. The flames of passions that were kindled by the outrageous Stamp Act of 1765 and the infuriating Quartering Act of the same year, had been flickering but now found new fuel and burst into the blaze of revolution. A "massacre ' had now been committed. A "massacre!" Blood had been drawn.The following week, the grand jury indicted the British soldiers for wilful murder but the court thought fit to hold trial when tempers had cooled in the following term. On October 24th, trial was held for Captain Preston and on November 12th, for the soldiers. John Adams, second U.S. President-to-be, was one of four defense lawyer for all. The captain was acquitted as were six of the eight soldiers. Two were found guilty not of murder but manslaughter. The jury was drawn from residents of towns surrounding Boston.In the courtroom, reality replaced fiction, but the impression of a massacre had not been erased. The words of the Gazette in its best fictional form were truly the words of revolution.John Adams in 1815, summarized: "What do we mean by Revolution? The war? That was no part of the revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected, from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."Journalism had moved the minds of the people.Don Bracken is the author of 'Times of the Civil War', a study of the American Civil War and the coverage of it by the New York Times and the Charleston Mercury. He is Senior Editor of History Publishing Conmpany,LLC.

When humans set off to address fundamental issues about what and how life is to be, two important questions exercise the conscience though a middle-ground question could arise from these two. One question is: 'how do we make humans the measure of all things for now and for things that are to come?' The other question is: 'how do we make nature the measure of all things for now and for things that are to come?'The first question submits the direction of nature to the boundless will and self-determination of humans. The second question submits the drift of human development to the divine instructions of nature. The first question leads to an individualized culture - a state of affairs that lifts personal will and determination to the status of culture. The second question leads to a cooperative culture, the culture of sharing. These two different questions bring about the mystery in humans and dismiss the point that human nature is of a determinate form. Moreover, the questions are at the core of some of the confusion and conflict between two cultures, one largely individualized, and the other largely cooperative. Unresolved confusion and conflict could lead to war. A moderate position can be seen, which combines ingredients of both the first and second questions with the hope of generating a balance.The present discussion will focus on the first question, that is, the question of an individualized culture.Every living thing develops from one state to another in order to support the props of life. Humans, in particular, demonstrate this trait so clearly. Once we grow, both physically and mentally, development gets wedded to growth. Development is a more sophisticated human trait compared to growth. Generally, we regard growth as a change in size of a structure ? from a smaller to a larger structure; but development has to do with a progress to a new level of advancement of a structure, an advancement that shows that the structure in question has ? for better, not for worse - attained a glorious sophistication. Humans, therefore, develop to affirm this point.It appears that since development is a natural necessity of every human, the collective human development is doubtless. Once we are all developing, life will be more sophisticated, advanced, better, cherished in all corners of the world. Moreover, any bestial instincts in humans will be progressively expunged and replaced by the rational instincts of peace and love. But the principle of development is not a fixed principle; it is varied within the context of an equally varied culture. In this sense, development ought to be viewed as culturally instructed. For this reason, any attack by one culture on another culture on the basis that the aggressor's culture is the best neglects the two important questions that exercise the conscience of humans, as stated above. The neglect indicates a surge in arrogance, and, perhaps, ignorance.Development need not push aside the cultural paradigm and stress on the atomistic individual as the route to development. An individualized culture, meaning a culture that is projected in countless ways by the distinctive doings of every person, presupposes the mastery of one's self in any number of ways to face the challenges of life. By mastering the self, by advancing mental effort, the course of an individual's action is expected to be largely mind-dependent; emotional endeavour gets sidelined, so too the idea of sharing. The creative instincts of a person, his/her ability to coordinate a definite consequence, are chiefly judged to emanate from an antecedent mental reflection. Herein lies the notion of an individualized culture.But in order to pursue wants, in order to live according to personal tastes, individual minds have to deliberate differently. And since individual wants are very different from one another, it stands to reason that an individualized culture is undefined in content. Whatever pleases the self, the ego, much as it doesn't conflict with other individuals' mind-determined pursuits, is good for contributing towards the individualized culture. An individualized culture is full of self-determination though it is also full of confrontations with nature.If to advance in life means a kind of mental reflection that enables one to attain a high level of personal development, then the secrets of nature, in whichever way it is humanly understood, have to submit to humans' will. The difficulty in this lifestyle is that it does not limit the cognitive ability of humans face-to-face with nature. It prompts mental ingenuity to overrule the acts of nature. The search for the secrets of nature becomes a restless ambition. Morality, social responsibility, are judged within the scope of self-determination, not the mystic workings of nature.What may have eluded the conscience is that nature is there for all time; and cognitive ability ? or to use the more popular word, intelligence ? has many faces to it. An obvious failing of the theses of intelligence inheres in the application of psychometry to judge a person's level of intelligence. Psychometry insults the moral and spiritual basis of intelligence within either an individualized or a cooperative culture. Psychometry presumes that humans are encased in a mental powerhouse, a powerhouse that can be statistically measured, a powerhouse that is personal, that is a biological privilege; yet psychometry fails to reckon the gracious alliance that ought to exist between a person and the natural environment.John is privileged in mental acumen because his biological structure has the advanced features that, by necessity, yield a high intelligence quotient (IQ), proponents of psychometric intelligence are prepared to argue. To see the immediate flaw in this contention, one has to understand that even with the genuine requirements of an individualized culture, self-determination, the will to conquer the secrets of nature, could take any number of ways in connection with any constructive direction that the mind commissions the agent in question. Should my mind direct me to engage in competitive sports and excel in this area instead of engaging in complex mathematical computations or logical analysis, then I am professing intelligence within the limits of an individualized culture. Am I, for goodness sake, expected to prove my intellectual insight by subscribing to the bogus tenets of psychometry? A similar argument can be advanced to explain the spirited intellectual pursuits of an agent in the area of science, the arts, any kind of entertainment, or any kind of morally right pursuit. One needs to respect and admit all such pursuits, and, thus, rid intelligence of any bias, any narrow definitions.The theses of intelligence ? and worse still, the theses of intelligence quotient ? are inauspicious endeavours; for they provoke suspicions about the motives of their proponents. On the basis that few selected parameters - such as math, logic, subjective aptitude tests ? are used to appraise a person's intelligence, one is bound to conclude that IQ fouls a morally grounded and socially responsible culture, whether the culture in question is an individualized culture or a cooperative culture. Nevertheless, a culture built on the question of IQ may not be that bad should IQ incorporate any element of human action, mental or physical, that bears marks of creativity in any way. Also, the question of an individualized culture or a cooperative culture takes account of the natural environment though in varying measures. And this will explain that intelligence seeks to adapt to the natural environment whenever changes in the latter occur.My meaning of cultural intelligence should, by now, be clear. Cultural intelligence seeks to avoid many of the pitfalls of IQ. The turn of intelligence for the better ? which is a given ? needs the unbroken service of the natural environment. Intelligence, thereby, becomes dynamic, a practical thing that conforms to cultural constructions. Intelligence quotient, or variations of it, is an unduly technical doctrine that hoists a dominant academic culture on numerous facets of life. An intelligence that obeys the doctrine of IQ forces itself to evolve largely in abstractions without a kindred connection with the natural environment. The agent becomes progressively technical, dry in social networks, full of machine traits. Whatever culture humans have happened to situate themselves has evolved the blessings of intelligence. To respect this point is in keeping with human decency.About The AuthorMr. Ainsah-Mensah has worked in various capacities mostly in Canada and now in China. He is an education consultant, race relations consultant, projects coordinator, writer, post secondary instructor in business courses and life skills, and critical thinking. He is currently the principal of Handan-Lilac Education Group in China.kamch22@yahoo.ca